THE ANALYSIS OF COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE IN CORBUZIER PODCAST OF SITI FADILAH, SEBUAH KONSPIRASI – SAYA

ABSTRAK Discussing the misleading of information in interaction in Podcast is rare in language research. Considering the concept of cooperative principle and the failure of observing maxims in an interaction by Grice (1989[1967]), this research investigated the flouting and violating of maxims appears within the podcast. The data source of study is a podcast of Deddy Corbuzier with Siti Fadilah Supari, the Former of Indonesian Health Minister which entitled Siti Fadilah, Sebuah Konspirasi – Saya dikorbankan. This study discovers the participant’s failing to observe the maxims, in form of flouting and violating. There are 57 exchanges flouted as the most common participant’s failure in observing the maxims, which consists of 29 quantity maxims (50%), 14 manner maxims (25%), 9 quality maxims (16%), and 5 relation maxims (9%). Then it is followed by the violation in 7 exchanges, which occurs in 3 quality maxims (43%), 2 quantity maxims (29%), 1 relation maxim (14%) and 1 manner maxim (14%). The study finds the podcast provides the various information, since the participant provides the more contribution rather than is required as the domination of flouting in quantity maxim. This study implies the need of reconfirming of the utterance that is presumable to lead failure of information understanding.


INTRODUCTION
Podcast currently is a new trend in talkshow entertainment. The communication occur in podcast runs like two or more people talk directly. It goes continuously throughout the participants in the podcast itself. As we know that communication is a continuous process in which the participants cooperate with each other by maintaining certain rules and regulations in order to build the interaction. One of common interaction conducted is a conversation, which carries out a reciprocal act. For the most part, the conversation incorporates topic nomination, turn-taking, negotiation of meaning, etc. (Markee & Kasper, 2004).
The effective conversation occurs when the participants give the appropriate contribution in talk exchange.
The appropriate contribution during the communication is discussed in Grice's (1989Grice's ( [1967) theory about a concept of conversation and the other forms of language, which called as the cooperative principle. The cooperative principle explains the process of how conversation occurs in the appropriate stage by developing a common set of purposes. It is constructed by four subprinciples of maxims, which involve quantity, quality, relation, and manner. In other words, the successful conversation may occur when people follow the cooperative principle.
However, there is a condition which make people fail to observe the maxims and it will influence the meaning brought in the conversation. According to Grice, flouting and violating are the most frequently used failure that occur in conversation every day (Agustina and Ariyanti: 2016). Sholikhah (2018) support that the failure in understanding the meaning in conversation often happens due to the less of observation of the participants for the utterance. It is also happens in conversation that occur through the media (Kurniati and Hanidar, 2018). Cutting (2002) explains that the flouting occurs when the speaker fails in observing the maxims but still expecting the listeners to recognize the implied meaning of utterance. Meanwhile, the violating occurs in order to mislead the listeners which distract them for the current purpose of the exchange. It means that based on the concept of the cooperative principle and its failure of observing maxims, there will be explored the meaning of utterances delivered in conversation.
One of interaction's language form which carries out the conversation is a podcast. Podcast is a series of digital video or audio broadcast that can be downloaded and played on mobile devices. It utilizes the voice which is the most influential tool that relates to audience very quickly. Lately podcast becomes a very popular media to share the information to public. Following that, one of podcasts that gets the public interest nowadays is coming from Deddy Corbuzier who produces a podcast entitled Siti Fadilah, Sebuah Konspirasi -Saya dikorbankan in his YouTube channel. This podcast has gotten the million views on Indonesian YouTube which proves the high response of public. It is because the content of podcast talks about Covid19, which is still the striking topic in society. Moreover, the content is associated with the current issue of Covid19 related to its conspiracy. Then, the podcast is attractive due to the interviewee, Siti Fadilah Supari as the Former of Health Ministry of Indonesia. However, there are four main points brought in this podcast, which involve; criticizing the vaccine and pandemic phenomenon related with Bill Gates, the reformation of WHO, the current condition of pandemic in Indonesia, and the suggestion for Indonesia to combat Covid19. In addition, it takes more attention since Direktorat Jenderal Pemasyarakatan from the Law and Human Rights Ministry perceives this podcast is illegal to publish. In short, this podcast is very controversial started from the content, the interviewee and the production itself. These conditions then encourage the writer to analyze this podcast by utilizing the cooperative principle theory of Grice (1989Grice ( [1967). Following that, the flouting and violating of maxims within the utterances will be examined. Thus, the meaning brought the conversation in a podcast will be discussed based on how the participants observe the maxims.
There are some researches conducted to analyze the cooperative principle.
First, Diningrum and Musyahada (2016) find the participants flout the maxim of relation often because they want to provide an opinion, jokes and give further information. Second, Nur (2018) discovers the dominant violation occurs is the maxims of quantity. Third, Toda and Ghozali (2017) identify the maxim of quality as the highest maxim violated by the participants and they do it as an effort to hide the truth in interaction.
Most recent researches only analyze one type of the failure of observing maxims. While there is a need to find out what kind of failure that mostly happen among paricipants in Podcast. When the participants fail to observe the maxims, the further meaning implied within the utterances does not get much explanation.
It means that there is an empty space of information that should be further explained. To fill this gap, the current study attempts to add the others type of failure of observing maxims which focuses on the flouting and violating. In addition, this research provides the implicature within the utterance. Thus, there will be more exploration to find the meaning and information in the podcast.
In accordance with the explanation above, this current study analyzes the cooperative principle in a podcast that provides interaction between Deddy finding and discussion, thus this research has purpose to describe the meaning of utterances by considering the flouting and violating of maxims appears within the podcast.

The Cooperative Principle
Cooperative principle is a concept introduced by Grice (1989Grice ( [1967) which explains the cooperative interaction of two parties in a conversation and the other forms of language to develop a common set of purposes. In other words, the cooperative principle guides people to communicate something in proper contribution so there will be a meaningful conversation. In the conversation it is important to set that the communication run for what is said and what is meant (Chen, 1996). Grice (1989Grice ( [1967) further mentions that people should observe the certain principle to participate in an interaction. People should make their contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which they are engaged (Grice, 1989(Grice, [1967: 26).
The principle above explains that it is necessary for people to provide the sufficient information based on the needs in an interaction. Following that, people should realize the particular area involving the participant, the setting, the culture and the others to support their right contribution. Then, people should consider the orientation of interaction which becomes the topic of the talk, so it will guide to share the required information. In other words, what the cooperative principle explains is that people who are involved in a conversation are working on the assumption that the certain rules control their operation. Grice (1989Grice ( [1967) describes the cooperative principle into four subprinciples which are called as maxims. First is maxim of quantity, which associated with the amount of information. In this maxim, people should realize the current purposes of the exchange so they will produce the required contribution based on the needed information. Second is maxim of quality, which guides people to be sincere and believe about what they utter. It means that people should not say something that they do not believe to be true or for which they lack adequate evidence when they make the utterance. Third is maxim of relation, which requires the information should be relevant with the topic of conversation.
It means that people should give the relevant utterance related to the exchange.
Fourth is maxim of manner, which associated with the regularity of information.
This maxim requires people to avoid the obscurity and ambiguity of expression in their utterance. After that, the utterance should be delivered in brief and orderly. It means that people should avoid the unnecessary prolixity or verbosity of utterance.

Flouting the Maxims
There is a condition which make people failed to observe the maxims. It means that there is a disobedient towards the maxims. According to Grice, one of ways of failing to observe the maxims is flouting (Thomas: 1995). The flouting happens when people deliberately and ostentatiously contravenes a maxim. Levinson (1983) specifies the maxims are flouted because it may persuade the listeners to infer the hidden meaning behind the utterances. It means that the speaker employs implicature to the listeners. When the speaker flouts the maxims, she/ he does not give the right information as required by maxims. However, the listeners still can reach the meaning due to the implicature.
Flouting can happen in all maxims. First is flouting the maxim of quantity, which happens when the speaker gives too little or much information than the situation requires. Second is flouting the maxim of quality, which happens when the speaker produces an utterance that cannot be interpreted in literal. Then this utterance should be inferred by the listeners to uncover the meaning according to the context. Third is flouting the maxim of relation, which tends to occur when the response is obviously irrelevant to the topic. In this case, the speaker has an abrupt change of topic which fails the interlocutor's purpose in asking the question obviously. However, the speaker still expects the listeners to realize the meaning by making connection between current topic and the preceding one. Fourth is flouting the maxim of manner, which occurs when the speaker uses the obscure language such as the ambiguity, the prolixity, and the verbosity. This condition creates an implicature which makes the listeners should look for an additional set of meanings Gema Wiralodra, Vol 11, No 2, Oktober 2020

Violating the Maxims
Grice mentions the other ways of failing to observe the maxims refers to violating (Thomas: 1995). Violating the maxim occurs when people in a conversation fails to observe one or more maxims with the intention to deceive the listeners. Moreover, they often use an implicature with the intention to mislead or to achieve some other purposes. Flowerdew (2013) further explains the speaker may not tell the truth at all in case of violating the maxims. In such case, she/ he disregards the cooperative principle without indicating the listeners that they are doing so.
According to Cutting (2002), violating may occur in four subprinciples of maxim. First, violating towards the maxim of quantity, which indicated when the speaker does not give enough information to the listeners about the whole picture or the topic being discussed. Second violating towards maxim of quality, which associated with the wrong information provided by the speaker and it can be said as lie. Third violating towards the maxim of relation, which occurs when the speaker changes the topic to avoid the answer or topic that brought by other interlocutors in conversation. Fourth violating towards the maxim of manner, which associated with the obscure and vague utterance to avoid a brief and orderly answer in a conversation.
The failure toward the maxims between violating and flouting is differed based on the speaker's intention. In flouting the maxim, the speaker has intention to guide the listeners infer the hide meaning from the broken maxims. In other side, the speaker tries to mislead the listeners in violating the maxims. So, the listeners will be distracted for the current purpose of the exchange.

Implicature
In the case of conversation and other forms of language, the utterance used do not always carry the literal meaning. According to Grice, there is non-literal meaning which must be inferred from the context and the cooperative principle (Flowerdew: 2013). This non-literal meaning belongs to a special type of inference which called as implicature. Implicature learns about how to understand implied meaning within the utterance. Implicature occurs when the speaker hides Grice states that it is a must for listeners to rely on the following information, so they will work out on a conversational implicature (Flowerdew: 2013) 1) the conventional meaning of the words used, together with the identity of any references that may be involved; 2) the CP and its maxim; 3) the context, linguistic or otherwise; 4) other items of background knowledge; 5) mutual awareness of 1-4.

RESEARCH METHOD
The study belongs to a qualitative content analysis because it analyzes the use of language as communication with attention to the content or contextual meaning of the text. (Budd, Thorp, & Donohew, 1967;Lindkvist, 1981;McTavish & Pirro, 1990;Tesch, 1990). The writer utilizes the theory of the cooperative principle conveyed by Grice (1989Grice ( [1967). Accordingly, this study has purpose to describe the meaning of utterances by considering the application of cooperative principle related to the maxims flouts and maxims violation found within the podcast. To conduct the research, there are three phases applied. First, collect the data or observation by watching the podcast video and transcribing the utterances in written form. Second, identify the categories of maxims, which involve the flouting and the violating within the podcast. Third, analyze and interpret the data by using the cooperative principle theory from Grice (1989Grice ( [1967).

Finding
The cooperative principle analysis at corbuzier podcast of Siti Fadilah,  The dominant flouting in a podcast belongs to the maxim of quantity which occurs 29 times or 50%. The most frequently flouting the maxims of quantity happens because they provide more contribution than the required one. Therefore, this podcast contains the various information indeed. In other side, the violating within the podcast is dominated in the maxim of quality, which occurs for three times or 43%. However, there is a contradictive situation. Even the various information provided in a podcast, the maxim of quality violation indicates that there are such points that hidden and neglected by the participants.

Flouting
The podcast of Deddy Corbuzier and Siti Fadilah as the Former of Indonesian Health Minister performs 57 flouting the maxims. In this analysis, the flouting is dominated in the quantity maxim with 50%. Then it is followed by the manner maxim in 25%, the quality maxim in 16% and the relation maxim in 9%.
The detail explanation of each flouting is presented into following discussion.

Flouting of Quantity Maxim
There are 29 exchanges flouted in this podcast, which make the quantity maxim as the most common flouts. This is provided the example of flouts as follow: Kalau dihitung itu berapa ribu triliyun kerugian. In this case, she asserts that she is prisoned because she has taken crucial decision. She also explains that she does not regret for taking the decision because it is for the society importance. Then it is continued by the impact happened and the possibility if the decision was not taken at that time. So, it provides more informative answer. According to Grice (1989Grice ( [1967), the quantity maxim associated with the amount of information.
Since Siti Fadilah gives much information than the situation requires, it is considered as the flouting here.
However, there is an implicature appeared, which indicated by sikap.  Grice (1989Grice ( [1967), the utterance should be delivered in brief and orderly to follow the maxim of manner. In this case, she presents the prolixity to deliver the maning. This actually will make the listeners curious to find the accurate information. Therefore, it guides the listeners to pay more attention to the things discussed in the podcast.

Flouting of Quality Maxim
The flouting of quality maxims occurs nine time in the podcast. The following example is presented below:  Levinson (1983) mentions that the maxims are flouted because it may persuade the listeners to infer the hidden meaning behind the utterances. It means that the speaker employs implicature to the listeners. When the speaker flouts the maxims, she/ he does not give the right information as required by maxims.
However, the listeners still can reach the meaning due to the implicature. For this example, it is clearly to say that harimau and kambing does not have the literal meaning for this exchange, as they are animal. In this case, Siti Fadilah utilizes the metaphor of animal; harimau and kambing to represent her identity related what she has done previously. Hence, it is considered as the flouting of quality maxim. According to Grice (1989Grice ( [1967), flouting of the maxim of quality happens when the speaker produces an utterance that cannot be interpreted in It means Siti Fadilah is prisoned, which make her should achieve the present condition for today.

Flouting of Relation Maxim
The relation maxim become the less common flouting found in the podcast, which only occur five times or 9%. The example of flouting is presented as follow: Furthermore, she states the foreign funds is accountable for the nationalism, which indicates the different topic talking about. Thus, it is considered as the flouting of relation maxim. As mentioned by Grice (1989Grice ( [1967), the flouting of relation maxim is indicated when the speaker has an abrupt change of topic which fails the interlocutor's purpose in asking the question obviously. However, the speaker still expects the listeners to realize the meaning by making connection between current topic and the preceding one. In this case, the topic refers to the accuracy of Indonesian test for Covid19, and it changes to the Indonesian research field.
Bantuan dari asing itu menggetarkan, menggoyahkan hati untuk nasionalismenya juga bergoyah .... Actually, nasionalisme is the inference to reveal the implicature itself. Nasionalisme is often associated with the belief of nation to support each other in building the country. But the different condition appears in Indonesia nowadays, when the foreign fund becomes a common policy in such fields, including the research practice. In this case, she underlines that government does not give sufficient support to the research field, since it only receives the low budget allocation. Thus, nasionalisme here is questionable. However, she has Gema Wiralodra, Vol 11, No 2, Oktober 2020 intention to make the listeners realize that research field needs more support from government. Following that it can be suggestion to the government itself. This condition confirms Anggrarini (2017) who states that an inference within the utterance is useful to interpret the meaning. It means that when the listeners recognize the words directed to the implicature, or in this case is nasionalisme; they will understand what Siti Fadilah actually utters.

Violating
The violating of maxims in a podcast of Deddy Corbuzier and Siti Fadilah as the Former of Indonesian Health Minister occurs only 7 times. The most common violated is quality maxim for 3 times or 43%. After that it is continued by the quantity maxim in 29%, the relation and the manner maxim in 14%. The following discussion reveals the further explanation of each violating.

Violating of Quality Maxim
The most common violation found in a podcast is maxim of quality which occurs three times. This is the following example of violation:  Cutting (2002) violating towards the maxim of quality associated with the wrong information provided by the speaker. In this case, Siti Fadilah is considered violating the quality maxim because she avoids to confirm her vocal action which actually has been revealed from the information that she shares previously.

Violating of Quantity Maxim
There are two exchanges violated by the interviewee. Thus, the violating of quantity maxim represents 29%. This is the example of exchanges contained the violating:  Grice (1989Grice ( [1967) mentions the maxim of quantity requires people to realize the current purpose of the exchange so they will produce the required contribution based on the needed information. In the C22 conversation, the needed information is about the confirmation whether Siti Fadilah distrusts Bill Gates or not. However, she provides more information here, such as the description of society when receive the support, the Bill Gates' role as filantropis,

CONCLUSION
Based on the discussion above, the podcast of Deddy Corbuzier and Siti Fadilah Supari, the Former of Indonesian Health Minister contains the flouting and violating, which found in the four subprinciples of the cooperative principle; Gema Wiralodra, Vol 11, No 2, Oktober 2020 quantity, quality, relation and manner maxim. The flouting becomes the most common failure of observing the cooperative principle with 57 exchanges and it is followed by violating with 7 exchanges. The researcher concludes that flouting and violating occur to commit the other purposes. Following that, these purposes are carried out through the implicature within the utterance. In some exchanges, the implicature presented when Siti Fadilah flouts or violates more than one maxim at the same time. In other words, the failure of observing some maxims related one to another to build a meaning in this podcast. The main meaning of this podcast actually is to provide the various information such as the accused corruption of Siti Fadilah, her vocal action in case of H5N1 virus, the Covid19 virus development and its vaccine production. It is because the flouting of quantity maxim dominates the failure of observing the cooperative principle in a podcast, as the more informative contribution presented than is required. This study implies that the important of observation to avoid failure of understanding the utterance is needed. Whether it is direct communication or communication through media in this case podcast. Observing the utterance is needed to be taken carefully to avoide the failure that leads to ignoring the maxim.